1813: No Deal on Reed's River, aka Boise River

"Immediately on taking over Fort Astoria [in present-day Oregon], and renaming it Fort George in honor of Britain's monarch, the North West [Fur Company] partners on the scene voted to send the first trading expedition to the Snake country."

The year was 1813. The small party consisted of a Mr. Jno. Reed, four Canadians and two beaver hunters. The North West Company was competing American fur traders for control of the fur supply on the Columbia and Snake Rivers.

"It is evident that Reed's small party was a trading, not a trapping, brigade. It was to purchase fur as the Astorians had been doing along the Columbia and in New Caledonia [British Columbia], not hunt beaver...

"Reed's men had no chance of making an impact. All seven members of the party were killed, probably by Bannocks, on the Boise River [near present-day Caldwell, Idaho], which for years after would be called Reed's River by mountain men."

excerpts from:

Forging a Fur Empire

Expeditions in the Snake River Country, 1809-1824

by John Phillip Reid

The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2011

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• artwork: Fur Traders' Boat Piled High with Pelts on the Bear River, Utah 

The War That Ended War

The 11th of November marks the anniversary of the end of hostilities on the Western Front in World War I, which took effect on "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918. An armistice signed in a railway carriage in the Compiègne Forest of France between the Allies and Germany initiated a cessation of hostilities that had claimed over 60 million lives.

Declared a national holiday in most Allied nations, "Armistice Day" has since become Veterans Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in countries of the British Commonwealth. It remains Armistice Day in France and Belgium, an is known as the Day of Peace in the Flanders Fields.

British author H. G. Wells referred to the conflict as The War That Will End War" in London newspapers as early as 1914 and the catchphrase referring to World War I as "the war to end war" continued for almost a generation.

While World War II and threats of global annihilation during the Cold War seemed to make a mockery of Wells' prediction, from today's perspective he was spot on. World War II is widely viewed by historians as a continuation of the earlier conflict, caused by nationalistic tensions, unresolved issues, and resentments resulting from World War I.

"For many years Europe has been an armed camp, with millions of men continually under arms, with the fear of war universally poisoning its life, with its education impoverished, its social development retarded, with everything pinched but its equipment for war," Wells observed in 1916.

The conflict that began in Europe and spread around the globe during the ensuing half a century not only altered political maps, but pretty much brought an end to monarchy as a system of government. And while many dictatorships rose up to fill the void, most have since been deposed and democracy has spread dramatically.

In the book "The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined," Steven Pinker documents a steep decline in wars worldwide since the mid-20th century, complemented by a equally precipitous rise in education and democratic governance. Contrary to the impression made by contemporary mass media, the actual number of battle deaths between warring nations has fallen off dramatically along with the number of wars, military coups, and deadly ethnic riots across the globe.

The first "world" war created an awareness of an interconnected "world community" for the first time, a change in consciousness accentuated by the global threats of the Cold War and the photographs of a lonely Earth against a backdrop of empty space brought back by Moon-walking astronauts. Bitter conflicts and terrible violence continue, without doubt, but the nature of war has changed. The benefits of a peaceful coexistence, both financial and social, are better recognized than ever before. The more educated we become and the more of a stake we have in our governance, the less inclined we are to wage war.

The veterans of the 20th century's conflicts should be celebrated, consequently, for their role in preserving civilization, advancing democracy and bringing an end to war.

Copyright © 2011. All rights reserved by Michael Hofferber

• "The War That Will End War" by H.G. Wells
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The Rise of Texas

In 2000, Texas became the second-largest state in population when it surpassed New York. The 22.8 percent population increase in Texas, as compared to a national average of 13.2, meant a larger delegation to the U.S. Congress. An enhancement of national political power occurred in the "Southern Rim," as political scientists refer to those Sunbelt states from Georgia and Florida westward to Clark County, Nevada, and the ten counties of southern California.

As this trend continues, a major shift in national politics will occur. Texas, with a delegation in size second to California, stands to play a larger role in national politics than ever before.

Largest Cities in Texas History
1850 - Galveston
1900 - San Antonio
1950 - Houston
2000 - Houston

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Backtracking on the Oregon Trail

More than 160 years have passed since the first of some 300,000 emigrants started a massive migration across the heartland of North America to the continent's Pacific shores. Beginning in Independence, Missouri, and ending in Oregon City, Oregon, the "Oregon Trail" stretched for 2,000 miles across six states.

Tracks from this passage are still embedded in the Snake River Plain not far from here. I've walked in them several times, pressing my feet where wagon wheels and oxen and well-worn boots once tread, and it continues to astonish me that so many people would give up their homes back East and travel so far with so little assurance of a better life at the far end of their seven-month journey.

This was no pleasure cruise, nor a mere "Adventure in Moving," as U-Haul used to advertise its rental vans and trailers. The folks who followed the Oregon Trail met violent winds, quicksand, floods, buffalo stampedes, disease and Indian attacks. Nearly 10 percent, or roughly 30,000 of them, lost their lives on the trail. Of those that survived,
many suffered the loss of livestock, personal fortunes and prized belongings.

What's also hard to fathom is the fact that precious little of the land that the survivors laid claim to at the end of their arduous journeys remains with their ancestors today.

Truth is, a great number of those who followed the Oregon Trail to Oregon did not stay. Promoters failed to mention the rain and swindlers and privations associated with homesteading. Some folks moved on to California. Others returned to the homes they left behind, throwing themselves at the mercy of their relatives and friends.

"Settlers" is an inaccurate description of most who made these journeys; "unsettled" is a fairer adjective and "backtrackers" is what others on the trail called them. Some used the trail three or four times, following their dreams back and forth, back and forth.

Backtracking is so common among Americans, in fact, that it's almost a cultural trait. Nearly a third of us will change residences in the next two years and many others will feel they should have. In every move, there's one overriding reason like a better job or bad neighbors or a longing to return to someplace familiar or a pining for someplace new.

We get tired of the old haunts, but once we've moved we miss them. We run from the provincialism of rural life only to be repulsed later by what we find in the city or suburb.

Like young Huck Finn, we fear being "sivilized" by Tom Sawyer's Aunt Sally and are determined to "light out for the Territory" if anyone starts making demands.

This is the urge that blazed the Oregon Trail, I believe. It prompted a goodly portion of 19th century Americans to leave their farms and friends and families for an uncertain future in the Territory. By its energy a continent was populated. Because of its endurance our souls remain unsettled.

Copyright © 2010. All rights reserved by Michael Hofferber

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• The Oregon Trail by Albert Bierstadt

Outgoing: Idaho Ghost Towns and Mining Camps

A quest for gold and silver inspired ambitious men and fearless women of more than a century ago to build the first towns in the high country of Idaho.

Many of these communities, barely more than encampments, sprouted overnight. Some thrived and died within a season, like the wildflowers that color alpine meadows in mid-summer. Others set the foundations for present-day Ketchum, Mackay, Hailey and Bellevue.

Of those that died, just a few shards of speculative zeal remain among the tumbled-down cabins and mine shafts. These include:

Muldoon
Sawtooth City
Vienna City
Boulder City
Custer

Copyright © 1993. All rights reserved by Michael Hofferber

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Acts of God

Terrible things happen. Chinese students slaughtered in Tianenman Square. Hurricane Katrina floods New Orlean. Oil spill washes ashore on the Gulf Coast. I know it's morbid to watch, to listen, to read reports of these things, but I do so anyway; we all do. Disasters fascinate.

In our vacuum-packed, industrialized, fragmented microchip society true surprise and awe is rare. Most days are calm. Perhaps there's an undercurrent of worry over money, the car, the kids, but these are the stresses of everyday life, not disasters. A disaster usually comes on sudden and unexpected. It is a calamitous, and often violent, diversion from an established course. It interrupts, destroys, redirects.

Disasters are not all the same, however. There are those that are natural, or "acts of God," and there are those events caused by the mistakes or misjudgments of man. It makes a difference which you get, both in how we view the event and in how we deal with the consequences. That's what psychologists claim.

Acts of God are easiest to excuse. God doesn't make mistakes, right? An earthquake is part of a natural mountain-building, continent-shaping process. Forest fires prepare the land for new growth. Hurricanes help cool the Earth's surface temperature.

With man-made disasters, though, it's much harder to find the benefit. Who profited from Exxon's spill in Prince William Sound or the BP catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico? How does a plane crash contribute to life? What did Chernobyl do for this planet?

I am drawn to the scene of natural disasters. I do not chase ambulances and feel little curiosity about the causes of car crashes and plane wrecks, but I'll travel far to see the effects of a volcano or to witness great storms. I want to see those places where the acts of God are recorded in the Earth like books of the Bible. I want to stand where the primal forces made themselves manifest. I want to remember supernatural power.

Mount St. Helens. Crater Lake. Yellowstone. Krakatoa. The Palouse. Meteor Crater. The dinosaur fossil beds of Utah and Montana and Colorado. These were the settings for awesome events, both wonderful and terrifying. They are like shrines to the forces that shaped this planet, that gave life to its continents and breath to its creatures. Here God performed.

Standing in the shadow of Mount Shasta, where the largest known volcanic debris avalanche swept through a dozen river valleys and out to sea, I am again amazed that the "seven wonders of the world" included not one natural feature.

The Alexandrine sight-seers were all agog over the temple of Artemis and the walls of Babylon. Why not Mount Vesuvius or the vast Sahara?

I find more fascination in the icy peaks of Glacier National Park than the pyramids of Egypt. How can a statute of Zeus compare with the Columbia River Gorge? The Colossus at Rhodes was no match for Old Faithful.

Perhaps in a world dominated by acts of God, when tempests arrived without warning and mysterious plagues beset innocent peoples, it must have been some comfort to see what wonders the hands of man could wrest from the jaws of nature.

How peculiar, then, that after a little more than two millennia the acts of man should be so prominent on this Earth, capable of diverting floods and preventing fires and splitting atoms. In a world of satellites and freeways and nuclear power plants it is now the acts of God that are some comfort, a proof that there are still powers beyond those of man.

Copyright © 2003. All rights reserved by Michael Hofferber

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Artwork: Mount Shasta 3 by John K. Nakata

In Deep Trouble, Once Again

As noted on MSNBC's Rachel Maddow Show, see video below, there are strong parallels between the 1979 Ixtoc Gulf Oil Spill and the BP Oil Spill of 2010.

Both involved the failure of a blowout preventer device, and in both cases metal domes put over the well failed to stop the leaks.

In both cases, the only way to stop the spill is with relief wells dug horizontally through the seafloor, a process that takes months.

The BP Oil Spill is not something new. This has happened at least twice before, at Santa Barbara and in the Gulf of Mexico, and the remedies are no more sophisticated or effective as they were 30 and 40 years ago.